Choosing an egg donor in the USA is one of the most important decisions many intended parents make on their path to building a family. The process combines medical science, emotional readiness, legal planning, financial preparation, and deeply personal values. Whether you are considering donor eggs because of age-related infertility, diminished ovarian reserve, premature ovarian insufficiency, genetic disease risk, repeated IVF failure, cancer treatment, or LGBTQ+ family building, understanding how egg donation works in the United States can help you move forward with confidence.

In the United States, egg donation is well established and widely practiced. The country has a large network of fertility clinics, donor egg banks, donor agencies, reproductive attorneys, genetic counselors, and mental health professionals who work together to support intended parents and donors. At the same time, the U.S. system can feel complex because costs vary significantly, donor compensation differs by agency and location, insurance coverage is inconsistent, and legal rules may vary by state.

This guide explains the major elements intended parents should understand before selecting an egg donor in the USA: how donor egg IVF works, typical costs, donor requirements, screening standards, success rates, legal considerations, and practical steps for choosing the right donor. It is written for educational purposes and should not replace personalized advice from a reproductive endocrinologist, attorney, genetic counselor, or mental health professional.

What Is Egg Donation?

Egg donation is a fertility treatment in which eggs from a donor are fertilized with sperm in a laboratory through in vitro fertilization, commonly known as IVF. The resulting embryo may be transferred into the uterus of the intended mother, a gestational carrier, or another recipient. Donor eggs may be used in a fresh cycle, where the donor undergoes ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval specifically for the intended parents, or in a frozen donor egg cycle, where previously retrieved and cryopreserved eggs are purchased from an egg bank.

Donor egg IVF is often recommended when a person’s own eggs are unlikely to result in a healthy pregnancy. This may happen because of advanced reproductive age, low ovarian reserve, poor egg quality, premature menopause, previous ovarian surgery, chemotherapy or radiation, recurrent IVF failure, or the risk of transmitting a serious genetic condition. Donor eggs are also commonly used by male same-sex couples and single men working with a gestational carrier.

One reason donor egg IVF has relatively high success rates is that egg quality is closely linked to the age and health of the egg provider. Many donors are in their twenties or early thirties, an age range associated with a higher proportion of chromosomally normal eggs. However, success is never guaranteed. Embryo quality, sperm quality, uterine health, laboratory performance, the embryo transfer protocol, and many other factors also influence outcomes.

Fresh Donor Eggs vs. Frozen Donor Eggs

One of the first decisions intended parents face is whether to choose fresh donor eggs or frozen donor eggs. Both options can be successful, but they differ in logistics, cost, timing, number of eggs, and flexibility.

Feature Fresh Donor Egg Cycle Frozen Donor Egg Cycle
Timing Requires coordinating the donor’s stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and recipient preparation. Usually faster because eggs are already retrieved, frozen, and available.
Cost Often higher because intended parents pay for donor screening, medications, monitoring, retrieval, compensation, agency fees, and legal work. Often lower and more predictable, though total cost depends on the egg lot size, clinic fees, fertilization, embryo culture, and transfer.
Number of Eggs May provide more eggs, depending on donor response; sometimes enough embryos for multiple children. Usually sold in lots, commonly around 6 to 8 eggs, though this varies by bank.
Donor Selection May offer extensive agency profiles and the possibility of a known, semi-open, or directed arrangement. Egg banks provide databases of available donors; information varies by bank.
Risk of Cancellation Possible if the donor responds poorly, withdraws, or has a medical issue. Lower cancellation risk because eggs are already frozen, though thaw survival is still a factor.

Fresh donor eggs may be appealing to intended parents who want a larger number of eggs or embryos, hope to have genetically related siblings in the future, or want more control over donor selection and cycle planning. Frozen donor eggs may be attractive for those who want a faster timeline, a more predictable package, and reduced uncertainty related to donor stimulation. Many clinics achieve excellent results with both approaches, especially when using experienced embryology laboratories.

Typical Egg Donor Costs in the USA

The cost of using an egg donor in the United States varies widely. A complete donor egg IVF journey can range from approximately $20,000 to more than $70,000, depending on whether eggs are fresh or frozen, whether a donor agency is used, clinic pricing, donor compensation, legal fees, medications, genetic testing, embryo freezing, storage, and whether a gestational carrier is also involved. If surrogacy is part of the journey, total costs can be much higher.

Because fertility pricing is often itemized, intended parents should ask for a written estimate that includes both required and optional expenses. A quoted “donor egg package” may not include everything needed to reach embryo transfer or pregnancy. For example, some clinics quote IVF laboratory fees separately from donor agency fees, medications, embryo biopsy, preimplantation genetic testing, frozen embryo transfer, or annual storage.

Estimated Cost Ranges

Expense Category Typical Range in the USA Notes
Frozen donor eggs $10,000–$25,000 for an egg lot Often includes a set number of eggs from an egg bank. Does not always include IVF lab work, transfer, medications, or testing.
Fresh donor compensation $5,000–$15,000+ Compensation varies by donor experience, location, agency policy, and other factors. Some donors may request higher compensation.
Donor agency fee $6,000–$15,000+ Agency fees may cover recruitment, coordination, profile access, matching, and administrative support.
IVF cycle and laboratory fees $12,000–$25,000+ May include egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, ICSI, assisted hatching, embryo transfer, or related services depending on clinic package.
Donor medications and monitoring $3,000–$8,000+ Fresh donor cycles require ovarian stimulation medications and monitoring. Costs depend on protocol and location.
Legal fees $1,000–$3,500+ Usually includes drafting and reviewing the egg donation agreement. Donor and intended parents generally have separate legal counsel.
Psychological evaluation $500–$1,500+ Commonly required for donors and recommended for intended parents.
Genetic carrier screening $300–$2,000+ Often performed on donors; intended parents may also need testing to assess reproductive risk when sperm source is known.
Preimplantation genetic testing for embryos $3,000–$7,000+ Optional in many cases; costs depend on number of embryos and clinic/lab pricing.
Frozen embryo transfer $3,000–$7,000+ May be billed separately from embryo creation, especially if all embryos are frozen first.
Embryo or egg storage $500–$1,200+ per year Annual fees vary by clinic and cryostorage facility.

A frozen donor egg cycle may cost approximately $20,000 to $45,000 when including egg purchase, fertilization, embryo culture, transfer, and medications. A fresh donor egg cycle may cost approximately $35,000 to $70,000 or more, especially when using an agency donor. If multiple embryo transfers are needed, costs increase. If a gestational carrier is used, separate surrogacy costs, legal work, insurance, carrier compensation, and agency fees may add well over $100,000 to the journey.

Does Insurance Cover Donor Egg IVF?

Insurance coverage for donor egg IVF in the United States is inconsistent. Some states have infertility insurance mandates, but mandates differ widely and may not cover donor eggs, IVF medications, genetic testing, or embryo storage. Employer-sponsored plans may offer fertility benefits through specialized fertility benefit companies, while many individual plans exclude IVF or donor services entirely.

Before starting, intended parents should contact their insurer and ask very specific questions. Does the plan cover fertility diagnostics? Does it cover IVF? Does it cover donor eggs or only treatment using the patient’s own eggs? Are medications covered? Is there a lifetime maximum? Are there requirements such as a documented infertility diagnosis, a certain number of failed cycles, or use of in-network clinics? For LGBTQ+ intended parents or single parents, it is especially important to ask whether the policy uses restrictive definitions of infertility.

Some expenses may be eligible for payment through health savings accounts or flexible spending accounts, but rules can be complicated, particularly when donor or surrogacy expenses are involved. A tax professional familiar with fertility-related medical deductions can provide individualized guidance.

Egg Donor Requirements in the USA

Egg donors in the United States are typically screened according to clinic policies, U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements for human cells and tissues, and professional guidance from organizations such as the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Requirements can vary, but most programs look for donors who are physically healthy, psychologically stable, informed, reliable, and able to complete the medical process safely.

Common Egg Donor Eligibility Criteria

Requirement Typical Standard Why It Matters
Age Often 21–34, with many clinics preferring 21–30 Younger donors generally have better egg quality and a lower risk of age-related chromosomal abnormalities.
General health No major uncontrolled medical conditions Protects donor safety and supports better cycle outcomes.
BMI Often within a clinic-defined range, commonly under 30 or 32 Can affect medication dosing, anesthesia safety, and ovarian response.
Reproductive health Normal ovarian reserve testing and no concerning reproductive history Helps predict response to stimulation and egg yield.
Genetic history Personal and family medical history reviewed; carrier screening often required Reduces the risk of passing on serious inherited conditions.
Infectious disease screening Required testing for conditions such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia Required for donor tissue safety and recipient protection.
Psychological screening Interview and sometimes standardized testing Evaluates emotional readiness, motivation, understanding of donation, and ability to consent.
Lifestyle factors Non-smoker; limited substance use; reliable schedule Supports donor safety, cycle reliability, and egg quality.

Donor screening is not only about selecting someone with desirable traits. It is primarily a safety and suitability process. Donors undergo medical history review, physical examination, ovarian reserve testing, infectious disease testing, genetic carrier screening, and psychological evaluation. In fresh cycles, the donor also needs to be medically cleared for ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, which involves injectable medications, monitoring appointments, anesthesia, and a minor surgical procedure.

Egg donation is generally safe when properly managed, but it is not risk-free. Donors may experience bloating, bruising, mood changes, discomfort, or temporary ovarian enlargement. Rare risks include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, bleeding, infection, anesthesia complications, or ovarian torsion. Ethical programs should clearly explain these risks and ensure that donors participate voluntarily and with informed consent.

Anonymous, Known, Semi-Open, and Open-Identity Donation

In the past, many donor egg arrangements were described as anonymous, meaning intended parents received non-identifying donor information and the donor was not expected to have contact with the family or future child. Today, the concept of anonymity is changing. Direct-to-consumer DNA testing, social media, and evolving views on donor-conceived people’s rights have made permanent anonymity less realistic.

Donation arrangements in the USA may include several models. In an anonymous or non-identified arrangement, identifying information is not exchanged at the time of donation, although future identifiability cannot be guaranteed. In a known donation, the donor is someone the intended parents know personally, such as a friend or relative. In a semi-open arrangement, communication may occur through an agency or platform without full identifying details. In an open-identity arrangement, the donor agrees that identifying information may be available to the donor-conceived person at a certain age, commonly 18, depending on the program’s policy.

There is no single right model for every family. Some intended parents value privacy, while others want future access to medical updates or the possibility of contact. Increasingly, many professionals encourage intended parents to think not only about their own comfort today but also about the future child’s potential questions about genetic origins, medical history, and identity.

IVF Success Rates with Donor Eggs in the USA

Donor egg IVF success rates in the United States are generally higher than IVF success rates using a patient’s own eggs at older reproductive ages. This is because donor eggs usually come from younger, carefully screened donors. However, success rates vary by clinic, donor, sperm source, embryo development, whether embryos are genetically tested, uterine factors, and transfer practices.

Many U.S. fertility clinics report live birth rates per embryo transfer with donor eggs in the range of roughly 45% to 65%, and sometimes higher in selected cases such as single euploid embryo transfers. Frozen donor egg cycles may show live birth rates in a similar general range, though outcomes depend on egg thaw survival, fertilization rate, embryo development, and lab experience. Fresh donor egg cycles may produce more embryos in some cases, which can improve the cumulative chance of live birth over multiple transfers.

It is important to distinguish between different success measurements. A “pregnancy rate” may refer to a positive blood test, clinical pregnancy with a gestational sac, ongoing pregnancy, or live birth. Live birth rate is usually the most meaningful outcome. Another important concept is cumulative live birth rate, which reflects the chance of having a baby from all embryos created in one egg retrieval or egg lot. A single transfer success rate may not tell the whole story if several embryos are available for future attempts.

Factors That Influence Donor Egg IVF Success

  • Donor age and ovarian response: Younger donors usually have better egg quality, but age alone is not everything. A donor’s previous cycle outcomes, if available, may provide useful information.
  • Embryology laboratory quality: Egg freezing, thawing, fertilization, embryo culture, biopsy, and vitrification require expertise. Lab performance can strongly affect outcomes.
  • Sperm quality: Sperm factors influence fertilization, embryo development, miscarriage risk, and genetic health. Semen analysis and, in some cases, additional male-factor evaluation may be recommended.
  • Embryo stage and quality: Blastocyst-stage embryos are commonly selected for transfer. Morphology and genetic testing may help guide embryo selection.
  • Uterine environment: Fibroids, polyps, adhesions, chronic endometritis, hydrosalpinx, or inadequate endometrial development may reduce implantation chances.
  • Recipient health: Thyroid disease, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune issues, body weight, and lifestyle factors may affect pregnancy outcomes.
  • Number of embryos transferred: Single embryo transfer is often recommended to reduce the risk of twins and related complications.

Intended parents should review clinic success rates through reliable sources such as the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology clinic reports and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assisted reproductive technology data. When comparing clinics, look specifically at donor egg outcomes, fresh versus frozen cycles, live birth rates, patient volume, and whether the clinic treats cases similar to yours. A clinic with high success rates but very selective patient acceptance may not be directly comparable to a clinic that treats more complex cases.

How to Choose the Right Egg Donor

Choosing the right egg donor is both a practical and emotional process. Many intended parents begin by searching for someone who resembles them physically, shares a similar ethnicity, has strong health history, or reflects certain educational, athletic, artistic, or personality traits. These preferences are natural, but it is important to balance them with medical suitability, genetic compatibility, donor reliability, legal clarity, and long-term family considerations.

1. Start with Medical and Genetic Safety

The first priority should be donor screening. A beautiful profile or impressive biography cannot substitute for strong medical evaluation. Ask whether the donor has completed ovarian reserve testing, infectious disease screening, psychological screening, and genetic carrier screening. If the sperm provider is known, compare donor carrier screening results with the sperm provider’s results. If both carry pathogenic variants in the same recessive condition, embryos could be at risk of being affected.

A genetic counselor can be extremely helpful, especially if the donor or intended parent has a complex family history, belongs to an ancestry group with higher prevalence of certain inherited disorders, or if expanded carrier screening reveals positive results. Being a carrier for one condition does not automatically disqualify a donor; many healthy people are carriers. What matters is reproductive compatibility and informed decision-making.

2. Consider Donor Experience and Previous Outcomes

Some donors are first-time donors, while others have completed previous cycles. A repeat donor may have information available about prior egg yield, maturity rate, fertilization rate, blastocyst development, pregnancy outcomes, or live births. This information can be valuable, although it does not guarantee future results. A first-time donor may still be an excellent choice, especially if her screening results are strong and she is working with a reputable clinic.

If you hope to have more than one child, ask whether the donor has enough eggs available or whether she is willing to cycle again in the future. With frozen donor eggs, ask whether additional lots from the same donor are available and whether they can be reserved. With fresh donor cycles, discuss embryo banking and long-term storage.

3. Decide Which Traits Matter Most

Donor databases can be overwhelming. Profiles may include photographs, height, weight, hair and eye color, ethnicity, education, interests, personality descriptions, family history, essays, audio interviews, or videos. Before browsing too deeply, intended parents may benefit from creating a priority list. Which traits are essential? Which are preferred but flexible? Which are emotionally meaningful but not medically relevant?

Some intended parents prioritize physical resemblance so the child may look like the non-genetic parent or fit within the family’s background. Others prioritize proven fertility, strong family health history, open-identity willingness, shared ethnicity, or personality. No donor will be perfect in every category. The goal is to choose someone who feels medically appropriate, emotionally acceptable, and aligned with your long-term family values.

4. Think About the Future Child

Donor conception is not only a fertility treatment; it is also part of a child’s life story. Many donor-conceived adults have expressed that access to accurate medical information, truthful family communication, and respect for genetic origins can matter deeply. Intended parents should consider how they will talk with their child about donor conception, what information they will be able to share, and whether future contact or identity release may be important.

Professional counseling can help intended parents explore these questions before treatment. Common concerns include bonding with a child who is not genetically related to one parent, disclosing donor conception to family members, choosing a donor from a different background, and navigating future questions from the child. Research and clinical experience generally support early, age-appropriate, honest communication with donor-conceived children.

5. Work with Reputable Professionals

A reputable fertility clinic, egg bank, or donor agency should be transparent about screening standards, costs, legal requirements, refund policies, donor compensation, and communication expectations. Avoid programs that pressure you to decide quickly, provide vague medical information, discourage independent legal advice, or make unrealistic promises about success.

If using an agency, ask how donors are recruited and screened before being listed. Are profiles verified? What happens if a donor withdraws? Who coordinates appointments and travel? Does the agency carry appropriate insurance or require donors to have complication coverage? How are escrow funds managed? How often is family medical history updated?

If using an egg bank, ask about egg survival guarantees, minimum egg lot size, fertilization expectations, shipping procedures, storage conditions, and whether the bank has outcomes data for its eggs at your clinic. Not every clinic has equal experience with every egg bank, so coordination between the clinic and bank is essential.

Legal Considerations for Egg Donation in the USA

Legal planning is a critical part of egg donation. In a properly structured donor egg arrangement, the donor should not have parental rights or responsibilities, and the intended parents should have full rights and responsibilities for any child born. This should be clearly stated in a written egg donation agreement before medications begin or eggs are released.

Legal rules and practices vary by state, so intended parents should work with an attorney experienced in assisted reproduction law. In many arrangements, the donor has her own independent attorney, paid for by the intended parents, to ensure that she understands the agreement and gives informed consent. Topics commonly covered include parental rights, confidentiality, future contact, medical information updates, compensation, risks, unused eggs or embryos, disposition decisions, and responsibilities if complications occur.

Known donor arrangements require special care. Even if the donor is a close friend or relative, a formal legal agreement is strongly recommended. Emotional trust is not a substitute for legal clarity. The agreement can protect the donor, the intended parents, and the future child by setting expectations before treatment begins.

The Donor Egg IVF Process Step by Step

  1. Initial consultation: Intended parents meet with a reproductive endocrinologist to review medical history, fertility diagnosis, treatment options, and whether donor eggs are appropriate.
  2. Recipient evaluation: The person carrying the pregnancy may undergo uterine evaluation, bloodwork, infectious disease testing, and assessment of overall pregnancy health.
  3. Sperm evaluation: Semen analysis and infectious disease testing are completed. Donor sperm may be selected if needed.
  4. Donor search: Intended parents choose a donor through a clinic program, egg bank, agency, or known donor arrangement.
  5. Medical and psychological screening: The donor is evaluated according to clinic, FDA, and professional standards.
  6. Legal agreements: Attorneys draft and finalize contracts before the cycle proceeds.
  7. Cycle coordination: In a fresh cycle, donor stimulation is synchronized with recipient preparation or embryos are frozen for later transfer. In a frozen egg cycle, eggs are shipped or released to the IVF lab.
  8. Fertilization and embryo culture: Eggs are fertilized, often with ICSI, and embryos are cultured to the cleavage or blastocyst stage.
  9. Embryo testing or freezing: Embryos may be biopsied for genetic testing and frozen, or selected for fresh transfer depending on the plan.
  10. Embryo transfer: A selected embryo is transferred into the uterus after hormonal preparation or a natural/modified cycle protocol.
  11. Pregnancy test and follow-up: Blood testing is performed about 9 to 12 days after transfer, followed by early ultrasound if positive.

Questions to Ask Before Choosing a Donor

  • Has the donor completed medical, psychological, infectious disease, and genetic screening?
  • Is the donor a first-time or repeat donor? If repeat, what were her prior cycle outcomes?
  • What carrier screening panel was used, and how will results be compared with the sperm source?
  • Is the donation anonymous, open-identity, semi-open, or known?
  • Can the donor provide future medical updates through the agency, clinic, or egg bank?
  • How many eggs are expected or guaranteed?
  • What happens if the donor cycle is canceled or egg yield is low?
  • What are the total estimated costs, including medications, legal work, transfer, testing, and storage?
  • Does the clinic recommend single embryo transfer?
  • What are the clinic’s donor egg live birth rates, and how are they reported?
  • Are additional eggs or embryos available if you want a sibling in the future?
  • Have all parties received independent legal guidance?

Common Mistakes to Avoid

One common mistake is focusing too heavily on appearance or academic background while overlooking medical and genetic information. Another is assuming that a donor with previous successful cycles will guarantee success. Prior outcomes are useful, but every cycle is different. Intended parents may also underestimate costs by relying on a partial quote rather than a full treatment estimate.

Another mistake is delaying legal work until the last minute. Contracts should be completed before the donor begins medications or before eggs are shipped or released. Intended parents should also avoid assuming that anonymity is permanent. In the modern genetic testing era, families should prepare for the possibility of future identifiability, even when using a non-identified donor.

Finally, some intended parents skip emotional counseling because they feel certain about treatment. Counseling is not a sign of doubt. It is a valuable opportunity to discuss grief, expectations, disclosure, family boundaries, and the emotional meaning of using donor eggs. For many families, this preparation makes the journey healthier and more grounded.

Ethical Considerations in Egg Donation

Ethical egg donation should respect the autonomy, health, and dignity of the donor while supporting the reproductive goals of intended parents and considering the interests of the future child. Donors should be fully informed about medical risks, compensation, privacy, future contact possibilities, and the potential number of families or children created from their eggs. Intended parents should receive accurate information about success rates, limitations of screening, and long-term responsibilities.

Programs should avoid exploitative recruitment practices and should not encourage donors to hide medical history or exaggerate personal traits. Donor compensation should recognize time, effort, discomfort, and inconvenience without creating undue pressure. Intended parents, meanwhile, should be mindful that a donor is a real person undergoing a medical procedure, not simply a set of profile characteristics.

The interests of donor-conceived children are increasingly part of ethical discussions. Many professionals encourage transparency, access to updated medical history, reasonable limits on the number of families created from one donor, and thoughtful policies around identity release. These practices can help families built through donor eggs navigate the future with more openness and trust.

How to Compare Egg Banks, Agencies, and Clinic Donor Programs

There are three common ways to find an egg donor in the USA: through a frozen egg bank, through an egg donor agency, or through an in-house clinic donor program. Each route has advantages.

Option Advantages Possible Limitations
Frozen egg bank Faster timeline, predictable egg lots, large searchable databases, reduced cycle cancellation risk. Limited number of eggs per lot, less opportunity for fresh-cycle sibling planning, variable information depth.
Donor agency Extensive donor profiles, fresh cycle options, potential for more eggs, flexible matching and contact models. Higher cost, more coordination, possible donor withdrawal or cycle cancellation.
Clinic donor program Integrated medical oversight, streamlined communication, clinic familiarity with donors and lab procedures. May have a smaller donor pool and longer wait times depending on location.

When comparing programs, do not rely only on donor database aesthetics. Ask about screening depth, outcome data, transparency, responsiveness, legal process, and policies for unexpected problems. A polished website is less important than a program’s integrity, medical standards, and willingness to answer detailed questions.

Preparing Emotionally for Donor Egg IVF

For many intended parents, choosing donor eggs follows months or years of infertility treatment, pregnancy loss, or difficult medical news. Even when donor egg IVF brings renewed hope, it may also involve grief over not using one’s own eggs. These feelings can coexist. A person can be excited about becoming a parent and still need time to process genetic loss.

Partners may also move at different emotional speeds. One partner may feel ready quickly, while the other needs more discussion. If a child will be genetically related to one parent but not the other, relationship dynamics may require sensitivity. Counseling with a therapist experienced in reproductive medicine can help couples and individuals clarify expectations, language, boundaries, and future disclosure plans.

Many parents who use donor eggs report that pregnancy, birth, caregiving, attachment, and daily parenting become central to their sense of parenthood. Genetics matter, but they are not the only foundation of family. Preparing thoughtfully can help intended parents enter treatment with confidence and emotional resilience.

Final Thoughts

Using an egg donor in the USA can offer a powerful path to parenthood, with strong IVF success rates and many donor options. However, the process requires careful planning. Costs can be substantial, donor requirements are detailed, legal agreements are essential, and success depends on more than simply choosing a donor profile. The best decisions are made when intended parents combine medical guidance, transparent financial information, genetic counseling, legal protection, and emotional readiness.

The “right” egg donor is not necessarily the donor with the most impressive profile or the closest physical match. The right donor is someone who is medically appropriate, genetically compatible, psychologically screened, legally cleared, ethically treated, and aligned with your family’s values. By asking the right questions and working with experienced professionals, intended parents can approach donor egg IVF with clarity, respect, and hope.

Medical disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only. Fertility treatment decisions should be made with a qualified reproductive endocrinologist, and legal questions should be reviewed with an attorney experienced in assisted reproduction law.